逗号 - 美国大都会艺术博物馆展品查阅

品名（中）	逗号
品名（英）	Commode
入馆年号	1974年，1974.356.205
策展部门	欧洲雕塑和装饰艺术（European Sculpture and Decorative Arts）
创作者	Jean Desforges【1740 至 1757】
创作年份	公元 1740 - 公元 1755
创作地区
分类	木工家具（Woodwork-Furniture）
尺寸	高 34 x 宽 42-1/2 x 深 20-3/4 英寸 (86.4 x 108.0 x 52.7 厘米)
介绍（中）	邮票D.F.出现在一些相关的十八世纪中期的便桶上，这些便桶要么用亚洲漆装饰，要么用欧洲仿漆装饰。据信，橱柜制造商Jean Deforge是一个同名的巴黎贵族家族的成员，他负责这个群体，并负责这个用红色中国漆贴面的特殊马桶。Jean Deforge与巴黎的一批重要工匠有着密切的联系：他与弗朗索瓦斯·波蒂埃（Françoise Pottier，或Pothier）的婚姻使他与橱柜制造商和家具经销商阿尔伯特·波蒂埃有着亲缘关系，而他的妹妹则嫁给了纪尧姆·马丁（Guillaume Martin），后者是马丁兄弟中以仿制漆闻名的一员，通常被称为vernis Martin 这个便桶的两个抽屉是无横移的（意思是它们之间没有架子）。尽管镀金青铜在正面和侧面漂亮地框住了红漆面板，保护了角落和脚部，但抽屉正面没有把手，很难打开。这可能表明这个马桶可能主要被认为是一个展示件，而不是用于实际的存储到18世纪中期，中国的红漆和金漆被制造并出口到欧洲，用于墙壁装饰和马桶正面。众所周知，奢侈品经销商或商人Lazare Duvaux在1754年至1758年间出售了五个红漆马桶，这意味着它们在巴黎有一定的市场安德烈·雅各布·鲁博在1769-75年的论文《菜单艺术》中详细描述了如何将亚洲漆重新用作欧洲家具的贴面。柔波描述了如何将漆从木质基底上切割下来以防止破裂。加热是为了小心地将漆弯曲成随后粘合的家具的形状 Roubo还建议用镀金青铜底座为漆框，以掩盖接缝并隐藏切割过程中可能发生的任何损坏。尽管这种马桶比鲁博的出版早了好几年，但它表明这些技术在更早的时候就已经被实践了。
介绍（英）	The stamp D.F. is found on a number of related mid-eighteenth century commodes either decorated with Asian lacquer or with European imitation lacquer. It is believed that the cabinetmaker Jean Deforge, member of a family of Parisian ébénistes by that name, was responsible for this group and for this particular commode veneered with red Chinese lacquer as well. Jean Deforge was connected with a circle of important craftsmen in Paris: he was related through his marriage with Françoise Pottier (or Pothier) to the cabinetmaker and furniture dealer Albert Pottier, while his younger sister married Guillaume Martin, one of the Martin brothers famous for their imitation lacquer usually called vernis Martin. The two drawers of this commode are sans traverse (meaning without a shelf between them). Although gilt bronze beautifully frames the panels of red lacquer on the front and sides, protects the corners and feet, there are no handles on the drawer fronts which makes it difficult to open them. This may indicate that this commode might have been considered primarily as a display piece rather than having been used for actual storage. By the mid-eighteenth century Chinese red and gold lacquer was made and exported to Europe where it was used for wall decoration and for the fronts of commodes. It is known that the luxury dealer or marchand mercier Lazare Duvaux sold five red lacquer commodes between 1754 and 1758, signifying that there was a certain market for them in Paris. A detailed description of how to reuse Asian lacquer as veneer for European furniture was published by Andre-Jacob Roubo in his treatise L’Art du Menuisier of 1769-75. Roubo described how the lacquer should be cut from its wooden substrate to prevent cracking. Heat was used in order to carefully bend the lacquer to the shape of the piece of furniture to which it was subsequently glued. Roubo also suggested framing the lacquer with gilt-bronze mounts to mask the joints and hide any damage that might have occurred during the cutting process. Even though this commode predates Roubo’s publication by a number of years, it illustrates that these techniques were already practiced at an earlier date.