洞穴（Pálion） - 美国大都会艺术博物馆展品查阅

品名（中）	洞穴（Pálion）
品名（英）	Cavesson (Psálion)
入馆年号	1942年，42.50.527
策展部门	武器和盔甲（Arms and Armor）
创作者
创作年份	公元 1 - 公元 200
创作地区	原产国: 可能是意大利（Country of Origin: Possibly Italy）
分类	马术器械钻头（Equestrian Equipment-Bits）
尺寸	高 6 1/4 英寸 (15.9 厘米); 宽 5 英寸 (12.7 厘米); 重 10.2 盎司 (289.2 g)
介绍（中）	这种古老的洞穴被用作一种"紧急休息"它的下曲杆连接到一根连接在马鞍上或缠绕在骑手手臂上的铅绳上。穴压在马的鼻子上，这是一个非常敏感的区域，当骑手不得不松开缰绳进行战斗时，穴压用来斥责一匹意气风发的马，或者只是保持对它的控制。它也被用来牵着马走路。在这个例子中，长角度的柄具有杠杆效应，增加了骑手对鼻子的动作强度（就像今天的hackamore一样） cavesson（希腊语中的psálion）的使用在古近东和希腊广为人知，并在色诺芬的马术条约（约公元前430年至355年）中有描述。在那里，他还表示不要用一根缰绳牵马，因为用错的方式牵马会破坏嘴巴，并建议改用cavesson 这些洞穴经常出现在西欧，直到哈德良长城，因为罗马军队中有东部骑兵，尤其是色雷斯人（色雷斯人被认为是古代世界最好的骑兵）。
介绍（英）	This ancient type of cavesson was used with a curb bit as a kind of 'emergency break.' Its lower curved bar was connected to a lead rope attached to the saddle or wrapped around the rider's arm. The cavesson presses on the horse's nose, a very sensitive area, and is used for reprimanding a spirited horse, or simply keeping some control of it, when the rider has to let the reins go for fighting. It was also used for leading a horse on foot. On this example, the long angled shanks have a leverage effect increasing the strength of the rider's action on the nose (like today's hackamores). The use of the cavesson (psálion in Greek) was widely known in the Ancient Near East and Greece, and is described in the equestrian treaty of Xenophon (ca. 430–355 B.C.). There he also indicates not to lead the horse with one rein, because the bit, pulled in a wrong way, would spoil the mouth, and advises to use the cavesson instead. These cavessons are often found in western Europe, up to Hadrian’s wall, because of the presence of Eastern cavalrymen, particularly Thracians, in the Roman army (Thracians were considered the best cavalrymen of the Ancient world).