光明福音 - 美国大都会艺术博物馆展品查阅

品名（中）	光明福音
品名（英）	Illuminated Gospel
入馆年号	1998年，1998.66
策展部门	迈克尔·洛克菲勒之翼（The Michael C. Rockefeller Wing）
创作者
创作年份	公元 1350 - 公元 1450
创作地区	埃塞俄比亚（Ethiopia）
分类	隐藏文档（Hide-Documents）
尺寸	高 16 1/2 x 宽 11 1/4 x 深 4 英寸 (41.9 x 28.6 x 10.2 厘米)
介绍（中）	这本四福音书的照明手稿是在埃塞俄比亚北部的一个修道院中心创作的。二十幅整版的绘画描绘了基督的生活场景，四幅福音传道者的肖像介绍了各自的福音文本。《新约》于六世纪从希腊语翻译成埃塞俄比亚的古典语言Geez。这篇文章及其图片格式都借鉴了拜占庭的原型，这些原型被转化为当地的习语。风格一致的画作反映了两位截然不同的艺术家的双手。配色方案由红色、黄色、绿色和蓝色组成。一种风格化的一致性反映在面部特征的简短定义和黑色和红色的人体轮廓的大胆线性表达上。人物的头部正面描绘，身体通常是侧面的。身体被视为包裹在纺织品中的柱状物质，纺织品由相互并置的条纹场组成这项工作证明了撒哈拉以南非洲与阿拉伯、埃及和东地中海之间历史上复杂的相互关系。埃塞俄比亚高地的文明起源可以追溯到公元前六世纪，当时来自阿拉伯的移民与土著群体融合，发展了阿克苏姆王国。公元前4世纪，亚历山大的学者皈依了埃塞俄比亚国王埃扎纳，基督教成为这个国家的官方宗教，一直延续到现代。几个世纪以来，随着埃塞俄比亚国家的扩张，修道院被建立为学习中心，负责传播知识，巩固君主制的权力和影响力。在埃塞俄比亚东正教，福音书的文本被认为是最重要的神圣文字；这份手稿开头的微缩模型是为了在礼拜仪式上观看。这些作品经常由杰出的赞助人赠送给教堂；它们既反映了皇室恩人的威望，也反映了创建它们的修道院的学识。最近的研究表明，埃塞俄比亚统治精英的一名成员可能委托Dabra Hayg Estifanos修道院将这份手稿提交给他或她喜欢的教堂或修道院。简短的注释表明，这座教堂是献给大天使迈克尔的。
介绍（英）	This illuminated manuscript of the Four Gospels was created at a monastic center in northern Ethiopia. Twenty full-page paintings depict scenes from the life of Christ and four portraits of the evangelists introduce the respective Gospel texts. The New Testament was translated from Greek into Geez, the classical language of Ethiopia, in the sixth century. Both this text and its pictorial format draw upon Byzantine prototypes, which were transformed into a local idiom of expression. Stylistically consistent, the paintings reflect the hands of two distinct artists. The color scheme consists of red, yellow, green, and blue. A stylized uniformity is reflected in the abbreviated definition of facial features and the bold linear articulation of the human form in black and red. Figures' heads are depicted frontally, their bodies often in profile. Bodies are treated as columnar masses encased in textiles composed of striated fields juxtaposed against one another. This work is evidence of sub-Saharan Africa's historically complex interrelationships with Arabia, Egypt, and the eastern Mediterranean. The origins of civilization in Highlands Ethiopia can be traced to the sixth century B.C.E., when emigrants from Arabia merged with indigenous groups to develop the kingdom of Aksum. In the fourth century C.E., scholars from Alexandria converted the Ethiopian king Ezana, and Christianity became the official religion of a state that endured until modern times. Over the centuries, as the Ethiopian state expanded, monasteries were founded as centers of learning responsible for disseminating knowledge and consolidating the power and influence of the monarchy. In the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, the text of the Gospels was considered the most important holy writing; the miniatures at the beginning of this manuscript were intended to be viewed during liturgical processions. Such works were frequently presented to churches by distinguished patrons; they reflected both the prestige of royal benefactors and the erudition of the monastic scriptoria in which they were created. Recent research suggests that a member of Ethiopia's ruling elite may have commissioned this manuscript at Dabra Hayg Estifanos monastery for presentation to his or her favored church or monastery. Brief notations indicate that the church in question was dedicated to the Archangel Michael.