内接棱镜角碎片（kudurru） - 美国大都会艺术博物馆展品查阅

品名（中）	内接棱镜角碎片（kudurru）
品名（英）	Corner fragment of inscribed prism (kudurru)
入馆年号	1886年，86.11.280
策展部门	古代近东艺术（Ancient Near Eastern Art）
创作者
创作年份	公元前 700 - 公元前 500
创作地区
分类
尺寸	4 英寸 × 3 1/2 英寸 × 9/16 英寸 (10.2 × 8.9 × 1.4 厘米)
介绍（中）	大约在公元前3300年，文字的发明是行政技术的许多发展之一，包括使用几何代币进行计数和使用圆柱印章来保证交易，这些发展伴随着美索不达米亚南部第一批城市和州的发展。原始楔形文字是最早的书写形式的名称——在泥板上绘制的象形文字。渐渐地，象形文字被抽象成楔形文字（拉丁语，"楔形"）标志，这些标志是印象而非绘画的。从叙利亚地中海沿岸到伊朗西部，从赫梯-安纳托利亚到美索不达米亚南部，楔形文字的使用范围最广。它被改编成至少15种不同的语言。最后一个确定日期的楔形文字的日期对应于公元75年，尽管该文字可能在接下来的两个世纪里继续使用这个物体是一个不寻常的粘土棱镜的碎片，上面有楔形文字和图像。它最初是十二面的，事实上，还有三块已知的碎片（一块在大都会。86.11.309，两块在哈佛犹太博物馆）。在楔形文字铭文上方，从左到右是三个神圣象征图像的一部分：一个顶部有手写笔的祭坛，代表书写之神纳布；一个祭坛，最初看起来上面有一只狗的形象，代表治疗女神古拉；以及祭坛左侧的痕迹。该物体圆顶上的符号表明，它可能是一个类似库杜鲁的文字。Kudurrus是一组独特的巴比伦纪念碑（narus），曾被认为是放置在田野中的边界标记。事实上，它们更有可能被放置在寺庙里，在那里它们的内容被保存和神圣化。这些纪念碑通常是用石头建造的，上面有描述土地授予的铭文，通常是国王给高级官员的。文字周围放置着神圣的象征，用来保护和保证礼物。这个棱镜上的文字记录了一组授予巴比伦显赫家族成员的皇家土地。
介绍（英）	The invention of writing in approximately 3300 B.C. was one of many developments in administrative technology--including the use of geometric tokens for counting and cylinder seals to guarantee transactions--that accompanied the growth of the first cities and states in southern Mesopotamia. Proto-cuneiform is the name given to the earliest form of writing--pictograms that were drawn on clay tablets. Gradually, the pictograms became abstracted into cuneiform (Latin, "wedge-shaped") signs that were impressed rather than drawn. At its greatest extent, cuneiform writing was used from the Mediterranean coast of Syria to western Iran and from Hittite Anatolia to southern Mesopotamia. It was adapted to write at least fifteen different languages. The last dated cuneiform text has a date corresponding to A.D. 75, although the script probably continued in use over the next two centuries. This object is a fragment of an unusual clay prism and bears both a cuneiform text and images. It was originally twelve-sided and, in fact, three other fragments are known (one in the Metropolitan. 86.11.309 and two in the Harvard Semitic Museum). Above the cuneiform inscription which reads from left to right are parts of three images of divine symbols: an altar with a stylus on top, representing the god Nabu, the god of writing; an altar that appears originally to have had the image of a dog on top of it, standing for Gula, the goddess of healing; and traces of the left side of an altar. The presence of the symbols on the domed top of the object suggest that it may have be a kudurru-like text. Kudurrus are a distinctive group of Babylonian monuments (narus) once thought to be boundary markers placed in fields. In fact they are more likely to have been placed in temples, where their contents were preserved and sanctified. The monuments, usually made in stone, carry inscriptions describing grants of land, often from the king to a high official. Around the text are placed divine symbols, which act to protect and guarantee the gift. The text on this prism records a set of royal land grants made to members of prominent Babylonian families.