楔形文字碑：食品和饮料词汇，乌尔拉语=胡布卢语，碑23 - 美国大都会艺术博物馆展品查阅

品名（中）	楔形文字碑：食品和饮料词汇，乌尔拉语=胡布卢语，碑23
品名（英）	Cuneiform tablet: vocabulary of food and drink terms, Urra=hubullu, tablet 23
入馆年号	1886年，86.11.368
策展部门	古代近东艺术（Ancient Near Eastern Art）
创作者
创作年份	公元前 500 - 公元前 1
创作地区
分类
尺寸	4.5 x 5.12 x 2 英寸 (11.43 x 13 x 5.08 厘米)
介绍（中）	大约在公元前3300年，文字的发明是行政技术的许多发展之一，包括使用几何代币进行计数和使用圆柱印章来保证交易，这些发展伴随着美索不达米亚南部第一批城市和州的发展。原始楔形文字是最早的书写形式的名称——在泥板上绘制的象形文字。渐渐地，象形文字被抽象成楔形文字（拉丁语，"楔形"）标志，这些标志是印象而非绘画的。从叙利亚地中海沿岸到伊朗西部，从赫梯-安纳托利亚到美索不达米亚南部，楔形文字的使用范围最广。它被改编成至少15种不同的语言。最后一个确定日期的楔形文字的日期对应于公元75年，尽管该文字可能在接下来的两个世纪里继续使用这块部分破碎的泥板分为三列，从左到右。这块石碑记录了食物和饮料的术语，首先是早已消亡的苏美尔语，然后是阿卡德语的翻译。这段文字被认为是收集和编纂文明世界知识的一系列石碑中的第二十三块。本文中列出的啤酒和食物是仪式知识的重要组成部分，因为它们构成了神庙中众神日常饮食的基础。
介绍（英）	The invention of writing in approximately 3300 B.C. was one of many developments in administrative technology--including the use of geometric tokens for counting and cylinder seals to guarantee transactions--that accompanied the growth of the first cities and states in southern Mesopotamia. Proto-cuneiform is the name given to the earliest form of writing--pictograms that were drawn on clay tablets. Gradually, the pictograms became abstracted into cuneiform (Latin, "wedge-shaped") signs that were impressed rather than drawn. At its greatest extent, cuneiform writing was used from the Mediterranean coast of Syria to western Iran and from Hittite Anatolia to southern Mesopotamia. It was adapted to write at least fifteen different languages. The last dated cuneiform text has a date corresponding to A.D. 75, although the script probably continued in use over the next two centuries. This clay tablet, partially broken, is divided into three columns which read from left to right. The tablet records food and drink terms, first in the long-dead Sumerian language, and then in Akkadian translation. This text is known to be the twenty-third tablet in a series of tablets that collected and codified knowledge of the civilized world. Beer and food items listed in this text were an essential part of ritual knowledge as they formed the basis for the daily feeding of the gods in their temples.