带把手的邮票印章：爪中夹着两只角动物的猛禽 - 美国大都会艺术博物馆展品查阅

品名（中）	带把手的邮票印章：爪中夹着两只角动物的猛禽
品名（英）	Stamp seal with a knob handle: bird of prey with two horned animals caught in its talons
入馆年号	1899年，99.22.3
策展部门	古代近东艺术（Ancient Near Eastern Art）
创作者
创作年份	公元前 1800 - 公元前 1700
创作地区
分类
尺寸	Seal Face: 高: 2.72 厘米 String Hole: 0.35-0.4 厘米
介绍（中）	印章于公元前6千年首次出现在美索不达米亚北部，并在整个古代近东地区独家使用，直到公元前4千年后半叶圆柱印章的创新。公元前3千年和2千年，圆柱印章是美索不达米亚首选的行政工具。在公元前1千年，印章再次被行政阶层所采用。在安纳托利亚，印章占主导地位，直到古亚述时期（约公元前2000-1700年），安纳托利亚人才在行政实践中使用圆柱印章。与圆柱形密封件一样，印章密封件可以由各种当地和外来的石头、金属甚至粘土制成。它们被直接印在药片、器皿和用来密封储存容器和门的粘土大泡上。印章背面或手柄穿孔，有时会穿孔，以便于佩戴和处理物品。印章的形状可能很简单，但也有许多更复杂的例子，一些印章被描绘成动物或人形。印章表面雕刻的图像从简单的几何图案到精心制作的人类和神圣图像。保护性能可能归因于材料本身和雕刻设计。印章对研究古代近东艺术很重要，因为每个时期都有许多印章，因此有助于确定时间阶段。它们经常保存不再存在于任何其他媒介中的图像，作为风格和图像学的视觉编年史展示了印章的现代印象，从而可以看到整个设计。这种圆形印章由黑色滑石雕刻而成，有一个水平罗纹手柄，顶部有一个穿孔的旋钮。与在库尔特佩发现的印章类似，它可能是在安纳托利亚古亚述时期的后半段（公元前1830-1700年）使用的。雕刻的图像是一只带冠的纹章鹰，头朝左，翅膀张开，爪子以镜像姿势抓住两只四足动物。一个蝴蝶结图案构成了场景的底部。单头和双头纹章鹰是安纳托利亚印章上极受欢迎的图案，无论有没有猎物，都可以描绘。从后脑勺流出的卷曲徽章在古亚述时期安纳托利亚和叙利亚埃及艺术中的纹章鹰和狮鹫身上很常见。
介绍（英）	Stamp seals first appeared in northern Mesopotamia during the 6th millennium and were exclusively used throughout the ancient Near East until the innovation of the cylinder seal in the second half of the 4th millennium BC. Cylinder seals were the preferred administrative tool in Mesopotamia during the 3rd and 2nd millennia B.C. and in the 1st millennium B.C., stamp seals were once again adopted by the administrative classes. In Anatolia, stamp seals predominated and it was only during the Old Assyrian Period (ca. 2000-1700 B.C.) that Anatolians used cylinder seals in their administrative practices. Like cylinder seals, stamp seals could be made from a variety of local and exotic stones as well as metal and even clay. They were impressed directly upon tablets, vessels, and clay bullae used to seal storage containers and doors. Stamp seals exhibit either perforated backs or handles, sometimes with perforation, for ease in wearing and handling the objects. Stamps seals could be simple in shape, but there are numerous examples of more complex shapes and some stamp seals were rendered as animals or human figures. The images carved into the seal face itself ranged from simple geometric patterns to elaborate scenes of human and divine images. Protective properties may have been ascribed to both the material itself and the carved designs. Seals are important to the study of ancient Near Eastern art because many examples survive from every period and can, therefore, help to define chronological phases. Often preserving imagery no longer extant in any other medium, they serve as a visual chronicle of style and iconography. The modern impression of the seal is shown so that the entire design can be seen. This round seal, carved from black steatite, has a horizontally ribbed handle topped with a perforated knob. Similarly to the stamp seals discovered at Kültepe, it was probably used during the latter part of the Old Assyrian period in Anatolia (1830-1700 B.C.). The carved image is of a crested heraldic eagle, with its head facing left, wings outstretched, and talons gripping two quadrupeds in mirrored poses. A guilloche pattern frames the bottom of the scene. Single and double-headed heraldic eagles were an extremely popular motif on Anatolian stamp seals and could be portrayed with or without prey animals. The curled crest flowing from the back of the head is common on heraldic eagles and griffins in Anatolian and Syrian glyptic art during the Old Assyrian Period.