楔形文字片：铜刀的分布 - 美国大都会艺术博物馆展品查阅

品名（中）	楔形文字片：铜刀的分布
品名（英）	Cuneiform tablet: distribution of copper knives
入馆年号	1962年，62.70.95
策展部门	古代近东艺术（Ancient Near Eastern Art）
创作者
创作年份	公元前 2600 - 公元前 2350
创作地区
分类
尺寸	6.8 x 4.9 x 1.9 厘米 (2 5/8 x 1 7/8 x 3/4 英寸)
介绍（中）	大约在公元前3300年，文字的发明是行政技术的许多发展之一，包括使用几何代币进行计数和使用圆柱印章来保证交易，这些发展伴随着美索不达米亚南部第一批城市和州的发展。原始楔形文字是最早的书写形式的名称——在泥板上绘制的象形文字。渐渐地，象形文字被抽象成楔形文字（拉丁语，"楔形"）标志，这些标志是印象而非绘画的。从叙利亚地中海沿岸到伊朗西部，从赫梯-安纳托利亚到美索不达米亚南部，楔形文字的使用范围最广。它被改编成至少15种不同的语言。最后一个确定日期的楔形文字的日期对应于公元75年，尽管该文字可能在接下来的两个世纪里继续使用这块石碑是在美索不达米亚的尼普尔遗址发掘的。楔形文字涉及铜刀的分布，并记录了发放给个人的各种数量。它与雕像、贝壳镶嵌碎片和器皿等物品一起被发现于伊纳纳神庙的VIIB级。这座寺庙是由芝加哥大学东方研究所和美国东方研究学院的联合探险队挖掘的。伊娜娜，她的名字的意思是"天后"，是体现在金星上的生育女神，金星在早上和晚上都会出现。她在尼普尔的神庙被命名为E-duranki，"天地的纽带"。挖掘表明，这座神庙在第一王朝早期就已经存在，神圣的建筑在同一神圣的地方重建，直到近3000年后的帕提亚时期。
介绍（英）	The invention of writing in approximately 3300 B.C. was one of many developments in administrative technology--including the use of geometric tokens for counting and cylinder seals to guarantee transactions--that accompanied the growth of the first cities and states in southern Mesopotamia. Proto-cuneiform is the name given to the earliest form of writing--pictograms that were drawn on clay tablets. Gradually, the pictograms became abstracted into cuneiform (Latin, "wedge-shaped") signs that were impressed rather than drawn. At its greatest extent, cuneiform writing was used from the Mediterranean coast of Syria to western Iran and from Hittite Anatolia to southern Mesopotamia. It was adapted to write at least fifteen different languages. The last dated cuneiform text has a date corresponding to A.D. 75, although the script probably continued in use over the next two centuries. This tablet was excavated at the site of Nippur in Mesopotamia. The cuneiform text concerns the distribution of copper knives and records the various quantities issued to individuals. It was found in level VII B of the Inanna Temple along with objects such as statues, fragments of shell inlay, and vessels. The temple was excavated by a joint expedition of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago and the American Schools of Oriental Research. Inanna, whose name means "Queen of Heaven," was the goddess of fertility embodied in the planet Venus, which appears in the morning and again in the evening. Her temple at Nippur was named E-duranki, "the bond of heaven and earth." Excavations showed that this temple was in existence by the Early Dynastic I period and that sacred structures were rebuilt in the same sanctified location until the Parthian period nearly three thousand years later.