布拉 - 美国大都会艺术博物馆展品查阅

品名（中）	布拉
品名（英）	Bulla
入馆年号	1978年，1978.93.13
策展部门	古代近东艺术（Ancient Near Eastern Art）
创作者
创作年份	公元前 546 - 公元前 330
创作地区
分类
尺寸	Max. 直径 3.8 厘米 x max. 深 1.4 厘米
介绍（中）	这种大疱（在行政环境中使用的粘土块）带有邮票印章的印象。很难辨认出印章上的图像，但它似乎显示了从翼盘中出现的一个人形。这个大疱是在伊朗西南部设拉子东北约90公里处的帕萨尔加德（Pasargadae）挖掘出来的。帕萨尔加德是阿契美尼德波斯帝国的第一个首都，由居鲁士大帝于公元前546年建立。大疱是在Tall-i Takht东角附近的一个房间里发现的，这是一个巨大的人工平台，大概是作为皇宫的所在地建造的，但在大流士在520年左右在波斯波利斯建立新首都后改建为坚固的大院。据推测，它曾经附在某种文件上——泥板或纸莎草纸或羊皮纸文件。或者，它可能被用作令牌，表明持有者已由上级授权执行某些特定操作。没有更多的大疱，或者没有任何文件，除了推测之外不可能做更多的事情。然而，帕萨尔加德大疱的存在表明那里存在官僚机构。事实上，塔赫特可能在公元前 5 世纪和 4 世纪用作仓库或宝库;来自波斯波利斯的埃兰石板指的是大流士统治时期的宝库，根据希腊历史学家阿里安（3.18.10）的说法，亚历山大大帝在帕萨尔加德占领了一座宝库。因此，这种大疱可能是该国库管理的残余。翼盘中人物的身份仍然是学术讨论的主要话题。最常见的两个建议是，它是Ahuramazda，在许多阿契美尼德王室铭文中占有突出地位的神，或者它代表了波斯国王的神圣光环或精神。后一种可能性是基于后来阿维斯陀文本的推断，而将神描绘成有翼圆盘中的人物在亚述艺术中有先例，波斯人从中汲取灵感。因此，将这个人物识别为Ahuramazda是两种解释中更合理的一种。
介绍（英）	This bulla (a lump of clay used in an administrative context) bears the impression of a stamp seal. It is difficult to make out the image on the seal, but it seems to show a human figure emerging from a winged disk. This bulla was excavated at Pasargadae in southwestern Iran, about 90 km northeast of Shiraz. Pasargadae was the first capital of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, founded by Cyrus the Great c. 546 B.C. The bulla was found in a room near the eastern corner of the Tall-i Takht, a massive artificial platform presumably built as the site of a royal palace but converted into a fortified compound after Darius established a new capital at Persepolis around 520. Presumably it was once attached to a document of some kind – a clay tablet or papyrus or parchment document. Alternatively, it may have been used as a token, indicating the bearer was authorized by a superior to do some particular action. Without more bullae, or indeed any documents, it is impossible to do more than speculate. Nevertheless, the presence of bullae at Pasargadae suggest the existence of a bureaucracy there. Indeed, the Takht may have served as a storehouse or treasury during the 5th and 4th centuries B.C.; Elamite tablets from Persepolis refer to a treasury there during the reign of Darius, and according to the Greek historian Arrian (3.18.10), Alexander the Great captured a treasury at Pasargadae. This bulla thus may be a remnant of the management of that treasury. The identity of the figure in the winged disk remains a major topic of scholarly discussion. The two most frequent suggestions are that it is Ahuramazda, the god who figures prominently in many Achaemenid royal inscriptions, or that it represents a divine aura or spirit of the Persian king. The latter possibility is based on extrapolations from later Avestan texts, whereas the depiction of a god as a figure in a winged disk has precedents in Assyrian art, from which the Persians drew inspiration. Thus the identification of the figure as Ahuramazda is the more plausible of the two interpretations.