镶嵌：人头公牛和狮头鹰之间的战斗 - 美国大都会艺术博物馆展品查阅

品名（中）	镶嵌：人头公牛和狮头鹰之间的战斗
品名（英）	Inlay: combat between a human-headed bull and a lion-headed eagle
入馆年号	1984年，1984.77
策展部门	古代近东艺术（Ancient Near Eastern Art）
创作者
创作年份	公元前 2600 - 公元前 2500
创作地区
分类
尺寸	2 3/8 × 2 1/16 × 1 1/4 英寸 (6 × 5.3 × 3.1 厘米)
介绍（中）	这块牌匾由一块贝壳雕刻而成，在植被的背景下雕刻着一头人头公牛被狮头鹰袭击的图像。这两种生物在纵断面图中都显示了身体，头部朝向前方，直视观察者。人头公牛的身体结实有力，长长的尾巴拂过地面。他的脸上长着一双大眼睛，眼睛的瞳孔通过钻孔变得更加突出，周围长着一绺长发，每一绺都是卷曲的。在他的前额、大的牛耳朵和角下，可以看到一排短卷发。狮头鹰用描绘成人手的利爪抓住自己的背部，并将牙齿插入人头公牛的侧翼。它的鹰羽毛由大的阴影区域表示，狮子头上有完整的耳朵。人头公牛和狮头鹰经常出现在王朝早期的美索不达米亚艺术中，在那里，它们经常与其他动物（真实的或超自然的）或人形进行战斗。狮头鹰（苏美尔语中的Imdugud）似乎特别与拉加什城邦及其主要神灵宁吉苏有关。这个雕刻的牌匾的原始功能尚不清楚，但它可能是用沥青（一种用作粘合剂的焦油状物质）与贝壳和石头块镶嵌而成的，这是早期王朝晚期的一种技术特征。一个著名的例子是，一名男性人物与两头人头公牛搏斗，这一例子出现在位于宾夕法尼亚大学博物馆的乌尔皇家公墓的《大抒情诗》的音板上。
介绍（英）	Carved from a piece of shell, this plaque is incised with the image of a human-headed bull attacked by a lion-headed eagle against a backdrop of vegetation. Both creatures are shown with bodies in profile view and heads frontally oriented, looking directly out at the viewer. The body of the human-headed bull is stocky and powerful, and the long tail brushes the ground. His face, with large eyes whose pupils have been emphasized by drilling, is ringed by a beard of long individual locks, each ending in a curl. A row of short curls is visible at his forehead, under his large bovine ears and horns. The lion-headed eagle grips his back with talons that are depicted as human hands, and sinks its teeth into the human-headed bull’s flank. Its eagle feathers are represented by large hatched areas, and its lion head is shown complete with ears. Both the human-headed bull and the lion-headed eagle appear frequently in Mesopotamian art of the Early Dynastic period, where they are often shown engaged in combat with other animals, either real or supernatural, or human figures. The lion-headed eagle (Imdugud in Sumerian) seems to have been especially associated with the city-state of Lagash and with its chief deity, Ningirsu. The original function of this carved plaque is not known, but it may have been set in bitumen (a tar-like substance used as an adhesive) with pieces of shell and stone to create a mosaic composition, a technique characteristic of the late Early Dynastic period. A well-known example in which a male figure wrestles two human-headed bulls appears on the soundboard of the Great Lyre from the Royal Cemetery of Ur, now in the Penn Museum.