印章 - 美国大都会艺术博物馆展品查阅

品名（中）	印章
品名（英）	Stamp seal
入馆年号	1999年，1999.325.203
策展部门	古代近东艺术（Ancient Near Eastern Art）
创作者
创作年份	公元前 1700 - 公元前 1500
创作地区
分类
尺寸	高 1 3/8 英寸 (3.5 厘米); 直径 1 英寸 (2.6 厘米)
介绍（中）	印章于公元前6千年首次出现在美索不达米亚北部，并在整个古代近东地区独家使用，直到公元前4千年后半叶圆柱印章的创新。公元前3千年和2千年，圆柱印章是美索不达米亚首选的行政工具。在公元前1千年，印章再次被行政阶层所采用。在安纳托利亚，印章占主导地位，直到古亚述时期（约公元前2000-1700年），安纳托利亚人才在行政实践中使用圆柱印章。与圆柱形密封件一样，印章密封件可以由各种当地和外来的石头、金属甚至粘土制成。它们被直接印在药片、器皿和用来密封储存容器和门的粘土大泡上。印章背面或手柄穿孔，有时会穿孔，以便于佩戴和处理物品。印章的形状可能很简单，但也有许多更复杂的例子，一些印章被描绘成动物或人形。印章表面雕刻的图像从简单的几何图案到精心制作的人类和神圣图像。保护性能可能归因于材料本身和雕刻设计。印章对研究古代近东艺术很重要，因为每个时期都有许多印章，因此有助于确定时间阶段。它们经常保存不再存在于任何其他媒介中的图像，作为风格和图像学的视觉编年史展示了印章的现代印象，从而可以看到整个设计。印章是安纳托利亚使用的主要印章类型。这个圆形印章是用黑色赤铁矿雕刻而成，有一个锤子形状的把手。刻在海豹脸上的图像是一头凶猛的狮子，在两只直立的公牛上方。该场景周围环绕着一个类似于安纳托利亚古亚述时期早期印章上常见的海鸠图案，这表明赫梯埃及艺术在公元前两千年早期就有了基础。
介绍（英）	Stamp seals first appeared in northern Mesopotamia during the 6th millennium and were exclusively used throughout the ancient Near East until the innovation of the cylinder seal in the second half of the 4th millennium BC. Cylinder seals were the preferred administrative tool in Mesopotamia during the 3rd and 2nd millennia B.C. and in the 1st millennium B.C., stamp seals were once again adopted by the administrative classes. In Anatolia, stamp seals predominated and it was only during the Old Assyrian Period (ca. 2000-1700 B.C.) that Anatolians used cylinder seals in their administrative practices. Like cylinder seals, stamp seals could be made from a variety of local and exotic stones as well as metal and even clay. They were impressed directly upon tablets, vessels, and clay bullae used to seal storage containers and doors. Stamp seals exhibit either perforated backs or handles, sometimes with perforation, for ease in wearing and handling the objects. Stamps seals could be simple in shape, but there are numerous examples of more complex shapes and some stamp seals were rendered as animals or human figures. The images carved into the seal face itself ranged from simple geometric patterns to elaborate scenes of human and divine images. Protective properties may have been ascribed to both the material itself and the carved designs. Seals are important to the study of ancient Near Eastern art because many examples survive from every period and can, therefore, help to define chronological phases. Often preserving imagery no longer extant in any other medium, they serve as a visual chronicle of style and iconography. The modern impression of the seal is shown so that the entire design can be seen. The stamp seal was the principal type of seal used in Anatolia. This circular seal was carved from a black hematite and has a hammer-shaped handle. The image carved into the face of the seal is of a rampant lion above two addorsed recumbent bulls. The scene is surrounded by a guilloche pattern similar to those common on earlier seals from the Old Assyrian period in Anatolia, demonstrating that Hittite glyptic art had its foundations in the early second millennium B.C.