经典Kerma烧杯 - 美国大都会艺术博物馆展品查阅

品名（中）	经典Kerma烧杯
品名（英）	Classic Kerma Beaker
入馆年号	1920年，20.2.45
策展部门	埃及艺术（Egyptian Art）
创作者
创作年份	公元前 1802
创作地区	来自于: 埃及（From: Egypt）
分类
尺寸	高 10.8 厘米 (4 1/4 英寸); Greatest diam. 14.2 厘米 (5 9/16 英寸)
介绍（中）	钟形的克尔玛烧杯是古典克尔玛文明的标志。在多达七个的坟墓中发现，Kerma烧杯是经典Kerma器皿最常见的形式。这些精致的薄壁器皿是尼罗河悠久传统的黑色顶部红色抛光器皿的产物，标志着陶瓷技术的顶峰。他们的生产需要高度控制的窑温和气氛。手工成型，每个锅都覆盖着红色赭石，并在烧制前抛光。为了实现黑色顶部和内部，容器在可燃材料中倒置，以在射击过程中产生还原气氛。黑色和红色表面之间的不规则乳白色带似乎是在烧制前涂漆的釉状材料。这些优雅、造型精美的杯子，具有高度抛光的表面和乳白色的环，是陶瓷艺术中最伟大的作品之一。这个烧杯是在埃及阿拜多斯遗址的一个坟墓中发现的。在埃及的许多墓葬中发现了经典的Kerma器皿，其历史可追溯到中王国晚期至新王国早期（约公元前1785-1500年）。这些坟墓通常包含克尔马陶瓷和埃及商品。虽然不确定这些坟墓的主人是否是努比亚人，但他们很可能代表最初来自克尔马的商人，他们在埃及定居。
介绍（英）	The bell-shaped Kerma beaker is a hallmark of the Classical Kerma civilization. Found stacked together in tombs in groups of as many as seven, the Kerma beaker is the most common form of classic Kerma ware. The outgrowth of a long Nilotic tradition of black-topped red polished ware, these delicate, thin-walled vessels mark a zenith in ceramic technology. Their production required a highly controlled kiln temperature and atmosphere. Formed by hand, each pot was covered with red ocher and polished before firing. To achieve the black top and interior, the vessels were inverted in a combustible material to create a reducing atmosphere during firing. The irregular opalescent band between the black and red surfaces seems to be a glazelike material that was painted on before firing. These graceful, finely modeled cups, with their highly polished surface and opalescent ring, are among the greatest works of ceramic art. This beaker was found in a grave at the Egyptian site of Abydos. Classic Kerma ware has been found in a number of tombs in Egypt dating from the late Middle Kingdom to the early New Kingdom (ca. 1785–1500 B.C.). These tombs generally contain both Kerma ceramics and Egyptian goods. Although it is not certain that the owners of these tombs were Nubians, it is quite possible that they represented traders, originally from Kerma, who had taken up residence in Egypt.