| 介绍（英） | This elegant gold necklace, created using the lost-wax technique, is composed of thirty-four gold beads in the shape of the carnassial teeth (molars) of a jaguar with an equal number of rattle bells joined to them with delicate “false-filigree” loops. False filigree refers to the process where artisans, rather than applying individual strands of metal, modeled the loops in wax and then cast them, creating a delicate lace pattern. One bell—the third on the proper right—is a modern replacement. Although gold working developed relatively late in Mesoamerica (after A.D. 600), metalsmiths developed innovative approaches in different regions and produced works of great artistry and technical sophistication. Oaxaca, one of the major sources for gold, was also one of the primary centers for the production of gold objects.
Created by Mixtec (also known as Ñudzavui) artisans in the region that is now Oaxaca, this necklace is similar to one excavated by Alfonso Caso at the archaeological site of Monte Alban in 1931. In addition to the gold necklace, Tomb 7 also contained a necklace of real jaguar canine and carnassial teeth, along with intricately carved jaguar bones and a vase holding a single jaguar molar, most likely left as an offering. The skeletal remains of up to fourteen persons, including men, women, and children were found mixed together in Tomb 7. Their haphazard arrangement suggests secondary burial or the reuse of the tomb over time, perhaps as a shrine. But while the identity or even the gender of the primary occupant cannot be determined, it is clear that he or she was a person of great importance given the richness of the offerings found.
Jaguars were closely associated with political and royal power in ancient Oaxaca and throughout Mesoamerica. They are the largest cats in the Americas, with a top speed of 50 mph. Fierce predators, they hunt on both land and in water and can attack from trees overhead. Jaguars have the most powerful bite, relative to their size, of any of the big cats, with a force approximately seven times their body weight. Their wide, short jaws allow for more muscle and strength across the top of its head and along the jaw, concentrating their force near the joint, creating a bite so powerful it can pierce the skull of its prey to kill it instantly.
In Mesoamerica, the power of the jaguar was invoked in warfare, hunting, and the ritual ballgame. Jaguar warriors were the most elite military class among the Aztecs, and it was a rank one achieved only after defeating several enemies in battle. Warriors—and rulers stressing their military prowess—are depicted wearing jaguar helmets and headdresses. The Codex Mendoza, a manuscript created in 1542 but painted in a pre-Hispanic style, depicts jaguar pelts and full jaguar warrior costumes among the tribute items that Aztecs demanded from conquered areas. The ritual form of the Mesoamerican ballgame had close associations with both warfare and sacrifice (see The Mesoamerican Ballgame), and jaguar elements were sometimes included in a player’s regalia. A stone sculpture in the Classic Veracruz style known as an hacha—itself an item of ballgame paraphernalia—depicts the head of a ballplayer wearing a jaguar helmet (see MMA 1979.206.371). Among the Classic Maya, only rulers wore jaguar pelts and sat on jaguar thrones. Wearing a jaguar pelt was a privilege to be earned, and the subtle allusion to powerful felines in the form of this necklace, along with the delicate sound created as the clapper-less bells would have knocked against each other as the wearer moved, undoubtedly signaled the importance of the individual who would have been privileged to wear it.
Joanne Pillsbury, Andrall E. Pearson Curator of Ancient American Art, and Patricia J. Sarro, Professor Emerita, Youngstown State University, 2017
Exhibition History: Long-term loan (T66/2), American Museum of Natural History, New York, 1926 [taken off view briefly for safekeeping during World War II]–1978; Twenty Centuries of Mexican Art, Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1940.
Published references
Alexander, Wynona W. “An Assessment of Mixtec Gold and Silversmithing Technology.” Ph.D. thesis, North Texas State University, 1981, p. 182, photo 2.
Mirambell, Lorena, comp., Homenaje a José Luis Lorenzo. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropologa e Historia, Colección científica 188, Serie Prehistoria. 1989, fig. 6ª.
Further reading
Benson, Elizabeth P. “The Lord, The Ruler, Jaguar Symbolism in the Americas,” in Icons of Power, Feline Symbolism in the Americas, Nicholas J. Saunders, ed., pp.53–76 (London and New York: Routledge, 1998).
Brown, Chip. “The Shrinking Kingdom of the Jaguar,” National Geographic vol. 232 no. 6, December 2017, pp. 70–95.
Caso, Alfonso. Las exploraciones en Monte Alban, Temporada 1931-1932. Instituto Panamericano de Geographía e Historia, publicación núm. 7. Tacubaya, D.F., Mexico, 1932.
Caso, Alfonso. El Tesoro de Monte Alban. Memorias del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia III. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 1969.
Earley, Caitlin. “The Mesoamerican Ballgame,” in the Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2017. https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/mball/hd_mball.htm
McCafferty, Sharisse D. et al. “Engendering Tomb 7 at Monte Alban: Respinning an Old Yarn [and Comments and Reply],” Current Anthropology vol. 35, no. 2 (April, 1994), pp. 143–66.
Middleton, William. “Tomb Use and Reuse in Oaxaca, Mexico,” Ancient Mesoamerica vol. 9, pp. 297–307. Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Saunders, Nicholas J. “Architecture of Symbolism: The Feline Image,” in Icons of Power, Feline Symbolism in the Americas, Nicholas J. Saunders, ed., pp.12–52 (London and New York: Routledge, 1998). |