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美国纽约大都会艺术博物馆展品查阅
美国纽约大都会艺术博物馆展品查阅
美国大都会艺术博物馆中的24万件展品,图片展示以及中文和英文双语介绍(中文翻译仅供参考)
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品名(中)仪式勺子吊坠
品名(英)Ritual Spoon Pendant
入馆年号1979年,1979.206.1145
策展部门迈克尔·洛克菲勒之翼The Michael C. Rockefeller Wing
创作者
创作年份公元前 1000 - 公元前 300
创作地区墨西哥(Mexico)
分类石头装饰品(Stone-Ornaments)
尺寸高 6 5/8 × 宽 1 3/4 × 深 1/4 英寸 (16.8 × 4.4 × 0.6 厘米)
介绍(中)这个T形吊坠的形状是一只带翅膀的牡蛎(Pteriasp.),以半透明的蓝绿色翡翠为代表。不对称T形的中心部分有一个凹陷,标志着双壳类的内部,这为这些类型的作品赢得了"勺子"吊坠的正式绰号。雕塑家巧妙地将双壳类动物的脊状铰链朝向勺子的上部。蓝绿色的玉在奥尔梅克艺术中代表了玉米的农业肥力,因此雕塑家创造了一个层次分明的视觉和物质隐喻,象征着富饶和海洋的丰富。吊坠将这种象征性的力量传递给佩戴者,几条证据表明,这些珍贵的物品代代相传,并作为奢侈品广泛交易

奥尔梅克雕塑中的个人形象以胸脯佩戴的吊坠为特色,后来中美洲艺术中的文化也创造了类似的T形吊坠。玛雅象形文字中的T形被解读为ik'、"风"或"呼吸"。除了作为帝王元素的象征力量外,吊坠还被确定为具有多种其他功能:鼻烟壶等容器,仪式从业者会从中吸入致幻物质;抄写员使用的油漆调色板;或用作纺织品编织工具的汤匙"板条"

进一步阅读:

进一步阅读

Benson,Elizabeth P.和Beatriz de la Fuente编辑,《古代墨西哥的奥尔梅克艺术》。华盛顿特区:国家美术馆,1996年

Berrin、Kathleen和Virginia M.Fields主编:《奥尔梅克:古代墨西哥巨著》。旧金山:旧金山美术博物馆,2010年

Cheetham,David和Jeffrey P.Blomster编辑。早期奥尔梅克和中美洲:物质记录。剑桥:剑桥大学出版社,2017

Clark、John E.和Michael Blake El origen de la civilización en Mesoamérica:Los Olmecas和Mokaya del Soconusco de Chiapas,墨西哥。在《El Preclásico Formativo:Avaences and perspectivas》一书中,Martha Carmona Macias主编,墨西哥国家博物馆,1989年,第385-403页

Clark,John E.和Michael Blake声望的力量:竞争慷慨和中美洲低地等级社会的出现。《新世界的派系竞争与政治发展》,Elizabeth M.Brumfiel和John W.Fox主编,剑桥:剑桥大学出版社,1994年,第17–30页。

Clark,John E.和Mary Pye主编,2000年奥尔梅克艺术与考古:形成期的社会复杂性。华盛顿特区:国家美术馆。迈克尔·D·科(Michael D.Coe),《美洲豹的孩子:前古典主义时期的墨西哥中部》(The Jaguar’s Children:Pre-Classic Central Mexico)。纽约:原始艺术博物馆,1965年

Coe,Michael D.奥尔梅克风格及其分布。《中美洲印第安人手册》,第3卷(Robert Wauchope,gen.ed.)。奥斯汀:德克萨斯大学出版社,1965年,第739–775页

Coe,Michael D.(ed.)《奥尔梅克世界:仪式与统治》。普林斯顿:艺术博物馆,普林斯顿大学,1996年

Coe、Michael D.和Richard A.Diehl 1980年《奥尔梅克之地:圣洛伦佐·特诺奇蒂特兰考古》,2卷。奥斯汀:得克萨斯大学出版社

Covarrubias,Miguel Origen和desarrollo del estilo artístico"Olmeca"。在Mayas和Olmecas:Segunda reconceón de Mesa Redonda sobre problemas antropológicos de México and Centro América。墨西哥城:Talleres,1942年,第46-49页

Cyphers Guillén,Ann From Stone to Symbols:Olmec Art in Social Context at San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán,《从石头到符号:奥尔梅克艺术在社会背景下》。《前古典时期中美洲的社会模式》(David C.Grove和Rosemary A.Joyce编辑),华盛顿特区:邓巴顿橡树,1999年,第155-181页。华盛顿特区:政府印刷局,1952年

Drucker、Philip、Robert F.Heizer和Robert J.Squier 1959年塔巴斯科拉文塔发掘,1955年。史密森学会,美国民族学局,公告170。华盛顿特区:政府印刷局,1959年

Easby、Elizabeth Kennedy和John F.Scott在Cortés之前:美国中部的雕塑。纽约:大都会艺术博物馆,1970年

Feuchtwanger,Franz Ceramica olmeca。墨西哥城:编辑Patria,1989年

Follensbee,Billie J.A.海湾沿岸文化形成时期的纤维技术与编织。《古代中美洲》第19卷(2008年),第87-110页

格罗夫,大卫·C·奥尔梅克:名字里有什么?《奥尔梅克地区展望》(Robert J.Sharer和David C.Grove编辑):剑桥:剑桥大学出版社,1989年,第8-14页

Joralemon,Peter David奥尔梅克图像学研究。前哥伦比亚艺术与考古研究7。华盛顿特区:邓巴顿橡树园,1971年

Magaloni Kerpel、Diana和Laura Filloy Nadal La Ofrende 4 de La Venta:在Antropología国家博物馆重聚。墨西哥城:国家历史研究所,2013年

Michelet、Dominique、Cora Falero Ruiz和Steve Bourget Les OlmeÉques以及墨西哥高尔夫文化。巴黎:斯基拉,2020年

Pool,Christopher A.奥尔梅克考古与中美洲早期。纽约:剑桥大学出版社,2007年

Reilly,Frank Kent,III《变形姿势的萨满:奥尔梅克艺术中的统治主题研究》,《艺术博物馆记录》,普林斯顿大学,第48卷,第2期,1989年,第4–21页。华盛顿特区:邓巴顿橡树园,2004年

Turner,Andrew D.2020奥梅克勺子重新思考:古代中美洲玉、珍珠和珍珠的物质意义。古代中美洲。
介绍(英)This T-shaped pendant takes the form of a winged oyster (Pteria sp.) represented in a translucent blue-green jadeite. The central part of the asymmetrical T is marked by a depression, signaling the interior of the bivalve, earning these types of works the formal nickname as “spoon” pendants. The sculptor skillfully rendered the ridgelike hinge of the bivalve towards the upper part of the spoon. Blue-green jade represented agricultural fertility of maize in Olmec art, thus the sculptor created a layered visual and material metaphor for bounty and marine abundance. The pendant conveyed this symbolic power onto the wearer, and several lines of evidence suggest that these valued objects passed down for generations and were traded widely as luxury goods.

Representations of individuals in Olmec sculpture feature such pendants worn as pectorals, and later cultures in Mesoamerican art created similar T-shaped pendants. The T-shape in Maya hieroglyphic script was read as ik’, “wind” or “breath.” Beyond the symbolic power as elements of regalia, the pendants have been identified as having multiple other functions: receptacles like snuff trays, from which ritual practitioners would inhale hallucinogenic substances; palettes for paints used by scribes; or spoon “battens” that functioned as weaving implements for textiles.

Further Reading:

Further reading

Benson, Elizabeth P., and Beatriz de la Fuente, eds. Olmec Art of Ancient Mexico. Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 1996.

Berrin, Kathleen, and Virginia M. Fields, eds. Olmec: Colossal Masterworks of Ancient Mexico. San Francisco: Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, 2010.

Cheetham, David, and Jeffrey P. Blomster, eds. The Early Olmec and Mesoamerica: The Material Record. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.

Clark, John E., and Michael Blake El origen de la civilización en Mesoamérica: Los Olmecas y Mokaya del Soconusco de Chiapas, Mexico. In El Preclásico o Formativo: Avances y perspectivas, Martha Carmona Macias, ed. Museo Nacional de Antropología, México City, 1989, pp. 385–403.

Clark, John E., and Michael Blake The Power of Prestige: Competitive Generosity and the Emergence of Rank Societies in Lowland Mesoamerica. In Factional Competition and Political Development in the New World, Elizabeth M. Brumfiel and John W. Fox, eds., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, pp: 17– 30.

Clark, John E., and Mary Pye, eds. 2000 Olmec Art and Archaeology: Social Complexity in the Formative Period. Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art.

Coe, Michael D. The Jaguar’s Children: Pre-Classic Central Mexico. New York: Museum of Primitive Art, 1965.

Coe, Michael D. The Olmec Style and Its Distributions. In Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. 3 (Robert Wauchope, gen. ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press, 1965, pp. 739–775

Coe, Michael D. (ed.) The Olmec World: Ritual and Rulership. Princeton: The Art Museum, Princeton University, 1996.

Coe, Michael D., and Richard A. Diehl 1980 In the Land of the Olmec: The Archaeology of San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán, 2 vols. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Covarrubias, Miguel Origen y desarrollo del estilo artístico “Olmeca.” In Mayas y Olmecas: Segunda reunión de Mesa Redonda sobre problemas antropológicos de México y Centro América. Mexico City: Talleres, 1942, pp. 46-49.

Cyphers Guillén, Ann From Stone to Symbols: Olmec Art in Social Context at San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán. In Social Patterns in Pre-Classic Mesoamerica (David C. Grove and Rosemary A. Joyce, eds.), Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 1999, pp. 155–181.

Drucker, Philip La Venta, Tabasco: A Study of Olmec Ceramics and Art. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 153. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1952.

Drucker, Philip, Robert F. Heizer, And Robert J. Squier 1959 Excavations at La Venta, Tabasco, 1955. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 170. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1959.

Easby, Elizabeth Kennedy, and John F. Scott Before Cortés: Sculpture of Middle America. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1970.

Feuchtwanger, Franz Ceramica olmeca. Mexico City: Editorial Patria, 1989.

Follensbee, Billie J. A. Fiber Technology and Weaving in Formative-Period Gulf Coast Cultures. Ancient Mesoamerica vol 19 (2008), pp. 87-110.

Grove, David C. Olmec: What’s in a Name? In Regional Perspectives on the Olmec (Robert J. Sharer and David C. Grove, eds.): Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989, pp. 8-14.

Joralemon, Peter David A Study of Olmec Iconography. Studies in Pre-Columbian Art and Archaeology 7. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 1971.

Magaloni Kerpel, Diana, and Laura Filloy Nadal La Ofrende 4 de La Venta: un tesoro olmeca reunido en el Museo Nacional de Antropología. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 2013.

Michelet, Dominique, Cora Falero Ruiz, and Steve Bourget Les Olmèques et les cultures du golfe du Mexique. Paris: Skira, 2020.

Pool, Christopher A. Olmec Archaeology and Early Mesoamerica. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Reilly, Frank Kent, III The Shaman in Transformation Pose: A Study of the Theme of Rulership in Olmec Art. Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University vol. 48 no. 2, 1989, pp. 4–21.

Taube, Karl A. Olmec Art at Dumbarton Oaks. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 2004.

Turner, Andrew D. 2020 The Olmec Spoon Reconsidered: Material Meanings of Jade, Nacreous Shells, and Pearls in Ancient Mesoamerica. Ancient Mesoamerica.
  大都会艺术博物馆,英文 Metropolitan Museum of Art,是美国最大的艺术博物馆,世界著名博物馆,位于美国纽约第五大道的82号大街。
  大都会博物馆回顾了人类自身的文明史的发展,与中国北京的故宫、英国伦敦的大英博物馆、法国巴黎的卢浮宫、俄罗斯圣彼得堡的艾尔米塔什博物馆并称为世界五大博物馆。