楔形文字板：巴比伦晚期语法文本 - 美国大都会艺术博物馆展品查阅

品名（中）	楔形文字板：巴比伦晚期语法文本
品名（英）	Cuneiform tablet: Late Babylonian grammatical text
入馆年号	1886年，86.11.61
策展部门	古代近东艺术（Ancient Near Eastern Art）
创作者
创作年份	公元前 500 - 公元前 1
创作地区
分类
尺寸	3 3/16 × 2 9/16 × 7/8 英寸 (8.1 × 6.5 × 2.2 厘米)
介绍（中）	大约在公元前3300年，文字的发明是行政技术的许多发展之一，包括使用几何代币进行计数和使用圆柱印章来保证交易，这些发展伴随着美索不达米亚南部第一批城市和州的发展。原始楔形文字是最早的书写形式的名称——在泥板上绘制的象形文字。渐渐地，象形文字被抽象成楔形文字（拉丁语，"楔形"）标志，这些标志是印象而非绘画的。从叙利亚地中海沿岸到伊朗西部，从赫梯-安纳托利亚到美索不达米亚南部，楔形文字的使用范围最广。它被改编成至少15种不同的语言。最后一个确定日期的楔形文字的日期对应于公元75年，尽管该文字可能在接下来的两个世纪里继续使用这块巴比伦晚期的泥板展示了人们为掌握美索不达米亚古代文字和语言所做的持续努力。正文左栏包含苏美尔语词条，右栏包含阿卡德语翻译。四十七行的内容有些不一样，包括祈使从句、"否"等助词和数字。在撰写这篇文章的时候，苏美尔语早已消亡，阿卡德语曾经在古代近东广泛使用，现在越来越多地被阿拉姆语所取代。碑文的末尾是书写文字的抄写员的名字。
介绍（英）	The invention of writing in approximately 3300 B.C. was one of many developments in administrative technology--including the use of geometric tokens for counting and cylinder seals to guarantee transactions--that accompanied the growth of the first cities and states in southern Mesopotamia. Proto-cuneiform is the name given to the earliest form of writing--pictograms that were drawn on clay tablets. Gradually, the pictograms became abstracted into cuneiform (Latin, "wedge-shaped") signs that were impressed rather than drawn. At its greatest extent, cuneiform writing was used from the Mediterranean coast of Syria to western Iran and from Hittite Anatolia to southern Mesopotamia. It was adapted to write at least fifteen different languages. The last dated cuneiform text has a date corresponding to A.D. 75, although the script probably continued in use over the next two centuries. This Late Babylonian period clay tablet demonstrates the ongoing efforts to master the ancient writing and languages of Mesopotamia. The text contains Sumerian entries in the left column and Akkadian translations in the right. The contents of the forty-seven lines are somewhat heterogeneous, including imperative clauses, particles such as "no", and numbers. At the time that this text was written, the Sumerian language was already long-dead and the Akkadian language, once widely spoken across the ancient Near East, was increasingly replaced by Aramaic. The end of the tablet names the scribe who produced the text.