平铺片段 - 美国大都会艺术博物馆展品查阅

品名（中）	平铺片段
品名（英）	Tile Fragment
入馆年号	1937年，37.40.23
策展部门	伊斯兰艺术（Islamic Art）
创作者
创作年份	公元 1100 - 公元 1299
创作地区	挖掘于: 伊朗, 尼沙布尔（Excavated in: Iran, Nishapur）
分类	瓷砖（Ceramics-Tiles）
尺寸	高 12 英寸 (30.5 厘米) 宽 10 1/2 英寸 (26.7 厘米)
介绍（中）	在伊朗东部城市尼沙布尔附近的一次表面调查中发现的这种釉面墙砖的雕刻装饰由一带阿拉伯书法组成，背景是滚动的藤蔓。铭文中的前景和背景感是通过雕刻字母和植物图案的不同层次来实现的。透明的绿松石釉料汇集到缝隙中放大了效果。这块瓷砖上使用的陶瓷主体代表了陶瓷技术的创新，最早发生在十一世纪后期的伊朗。瓷砖由石膏制成，石膏主要由磨碎的石英和少量的精制粘土和熔融玻璃组成。石膏产生的织物比陶器更坚固、更白。研究表明，在伊斯兰世界，与石膏相关的技术的第一次实验发生在九世纪的伊拉克，其中石英基滑道被应用于铅釉陶器皿的表面。真正的石膏可能在十世纪和十一世纪的埃及得到完善，然后传播到叙利亚和伊朗，在那里它在多个生产中心蓬勃发展。
介绍（英）	The carved decoration of this glazed wall tile found in a surface survey near the eastern Iranian city of Nishapur consists of a band of Arabic calligraphy set against a background of scrolling vines. The sense of foreground and background in the inscription is achieved through the varying levels at which the letters and vegetal motifs are carved. The pooling of the transparent turquoise glaze into the crevices amplifies the effect. The ceramic body used on this tile represents an innovation in ceramic technology that first occurs in Iran in the late eleventh century. The tile is made of stonepaste, which was predominantly composed of ground quartz with small amounts of refined clay and fused glass. Stonepaste produced a firmer and whiter fabric than earthenware. Research suggests that in the Islamic world, the first experimentations with technologies related to stonepaste occurred in ninth-century Iraq where quartz-based slips were applied to the surfaces of lead-glazed earthenware vessels. True stonepaste was probably perfected in Egypt during the tenth and eleventh centuries and then spread to Syria and Iran where it flourished at multiple centers of production.